Matthew (23): Seven Woes (II)

In Matthew: Seven Woes (I), we noticed that the first and second woes are against those same two errors that are still very much present in the false teachers that we find in the Church today and in every age in fact.

The Bible tells us that false teachers are first and foremost unbelievers, and they don't have this spiritual thing they claim to offer everyone else. They themselves do not possess faith, the Bible says, even if they claim it in some form. They’re like the Pharisees - they don't understand the Scriptures, they don't convert people to Jesus, and their goal is not the Kingdom.

Instead, they're advocates for something else, something of their own desire, of their own making. Usually what they're advocating is donations to their own “ministry” and what they're looking for is money, power, influence, wealth in some form, and luxury in living. And they do it by appearing to be serving God. In reality, they serve themselves at others’ expense. 

Now that's what we learned in the first two woes. Continuing with the third of the woes of this chapter, Jesus says,

Mat 23:16 "Woe to you, blind guides, who say, 'Whoever swears by the temple, that is nothing; but whoever swears by the gold of the temple is obligated.'

Mat 23:17 "You fools and blind men! Which is more important, the gold or the temple that sanctified the gold?

Mat 23:18 "And, 'Whoever swears by the altar, that is nothing, but whoever swears by the offering on it, he is obligated.'

Mat 23:19 "You blind men, which is more important, the offering, or the altar that sanctifies the offering?

Mat 23:20 "Therefore, whoever swears by the altar, swears both by the altar and by everything on it.

Mat 23:21 "And whoever swears by the temple, swears both by the temple and by Him who dwells within it.

Mat 23:22 "And whoever swears by heaven, swears both by the throne of God and by Him who sits upon it.

This third woe focuses on a peculiar behavior of the Pharisees concerning how men would swear an oath and how that oath might be enforced. First of all, swearing an oath is simply making a promise. In the course of making that promise, you place yourself at the mercy of a higher authority should you fail to keep your promise. So swearing an oath is beyond the penalty of law because even before you swear an oath to tell the truth, you're obligated to tell the truth. But when you swear to tell the truth - when you put yourself under a vow - you are also then assuming upon yourself the penalties of God should you fail to keep your word. 

So when you step into a court and you say, “I swear to tell the whole truth,” and then you end by saying, “so help me God,” what you're effectively saying is that you're making a vow before God Himself, placing yourself under His judgment should you fail to keep your word. Not only then will you be held accountable by law, but you'll also be willingly saying, “I'll be held accountable by God.” 

Now, according to the law of Moses, a Jew was not to make an oath that he could not keep. And in Matthew's Gospel, earlier in chapter five, Jesus told us we really shouldn't make an oath at all because we cannot know what will happen in the future. You cannot be assured that the circumstances of your life will allow you to keep your vow. And so it's better not to make guarantees about things you don't have control over and risk the possibility of having to be held to account for failure to keep your word. So if you cannot guarantee future behavior, better to just make your yes your yes, your no your no, and add no additional vow on top of that. 

But back in Jesus' day, Pharisaic Judaism permitted oaths despite what the Scripture said, and even though the Scriptures said that if you make a vow you absolutely have to keep it, the Pharisees were willing to make many exceptions about that. Under Pharisaic rules, if a man swore an oath, he was obligated to keep his promise only if he swore it in a certain way. 

A man who swore by the temple, for example, was not accountable to keep his oath according to Pharisaic rules, because they said that kind of oath was invalid. Why was it invalid? Well, the Pharisees interpreted the third commandment of the 10 Commandments - the one that says you shall not take the Lord's name in vain - they interpreted that commandment as preventing a man from swearing an oath using the name of God. They said that was taking the name of God in vain. 

And then they took the next step, and they said, “And when you swear by something that is close to God, like the temple, well, that's equivalent to swearing by the name of God.” And so they said, an oath that is made on the temple is invalid, because if they were to try and enforce that vow, that would be violating the third commandment. It would be taking the Lord's name in vain. So if somebody happened to swear on the temple, it was invalid, and therefore it was not enforceable. 

But if you swore your oath on the gold that is used to construct the temple, well, now that's kind of one step removed from God. Now we can accept that oath, and we'll enforce it. And similarly, they would disavow any pledge made on the altar. But they would accept a vow made on the sacrifice that sits on the altar and so on. 

Now those distinctions appear pointless to us, of course. But there was a method to the Pharisees’ madness. When it came to these standards that they established, the Pharisees were using this system to help dishonest businessmen escape their commitments for a price. So a person might make a vow in a business deal, and they needed to invoke the authority of God in their swearing in their vow if their vow was to be seen as credible by the other person and therefore likely to be kept. But because they couldn't swear on the name of God and risk blasphemy, they had to walk around that issue by swearing on things near to God.

So they'd swear on something close to God, like the temple or the altar and so on. And that allowed them to invoke His authority within the context of the vow. But at the same time, it created this arbitrary distinction and offered plausible deniability so that when they wanted to break the vow, there would be a rule on their side. 

So, for example, if the businessman later wanted to break his vow and get away with it, he might go to a judge of the law. In this case, the Pharisees were the judges, and he would ask to be excused from his vow. And for a price, the Pharisee would then come up with a rule which said, “Oh, no, that vow was not valid. I'm sorry. He swore on the altar. That's not allowed. He could only swear on the sacrifice. Sorry about that.” It was the equivalent of fine print in a contract. And that rule allowed for the perversion of justice and for the enriching of Pharisees. They would rule the vow was invalid. They would let the businessman do what he wished, and they would get their money. 

Jesus is condemning them for this perversion of justice and their perversion of truth just to enrich themselves. It's a corruption of their power. In verses 19 through 22 Jesus says, “First of all, you know these distinctions you've invented, they're not fooling anyone, certainly not fooling God. And for that matter, everyone knows what's going on here.” In verse 19, He points out, “Your rules are so contrived, they're actually backwards. They're actually self-contradictory. They don't even make logical sense. I mean, why should the gold used to construct the temple be more sanctified than the temple itself? Or why should the sacrifice on the altar be thought of as more binding and valuable to your vow than the altar that holds it up?” 

Their backward logic was simply evidence that their rules were nothing more than excuses to break a vow. There's no sense to them. So Jesus says in verses 20 through 22, “If you swear by anything in the temple, you're swearing by God Himself.” He pulls the rug out from underneath this whole game they're playing. He says, “Look, everything in the temple is equally associated with God.” 

After all, that's the whole point of making a vow. The whole point of it was to invoke the authority of God so as to seem to bind the person to God's punishment should they break the vow. But they were trying to have their cake and eat it too. They wanted to appear to be bound by these words, but at the same time, they wanted a “get out of jail” card, a loophole that let them say in the end that God wasn't going to enforce it.

The Pharisees were always looking for something like this, ways they could manipulate the system for a financial game. They were perverting justice, giving license to the people to do the same, all of it shaming the name of God in the pursuit of wealth. And in the end, they're bringing condemnation upon themselves. That's what's happening here. 

Of course, these woes are Jesus’ official condemnation of these men and this pattern that was just described is perhaps the defining characteristic of false teachers in every age. False teachers universally share a love for money and an insatiable desire to gain it through the corruption of religious practices. To quote from Paul, “They see godliness as a means of gain.” Or, to quote from Peter, who calls this practice, “The way of Balaam.” Listen to what he says about these types of people in 2 Peter 2:14, he says. 

2 Peter 2:14 having eyes full of adultery that never cease from sin, enticing unstable souls, having a heart trained in greed, accursed children;

2 Peter 2:15 forsaking the right way, they have gone astray, having followed the way of Balaam, the son of Beor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness;

Peter says these false teachers are so perfectly characteristic of some of the people out there today preaching the wrong messages for the purpose of personal gain. Peter says, “These false teachers love the wages of unrighteousness,” which is a reference to the wealth of this world gained at any cost. They have hearts trained in greed, which is a way of saying they have learned from others of their kind, other false teachers that they watch doing their work. They have learned, they've been trained how to do what they do, the most efficient ways to fleece the flock.

And the Pharisees, for example, follow this profile perfectly. Luke 16:14, tells us that these men were lovers of money. They typically live lavish worldly lifestyles that are made possible by the money that people send them in response to their call. They make religion into a money making enterprise. So, before you follow someone's teaching, take a look at their lifestyle choices. Take a look at how they live. Look at the fruit of the tree, in other words. Are they living a worldly, lavish lifestyle? Are they clearly pursuing this world rather than pursuing eternal rewards in heaven? And is the pursuit of wealth a constant refrain in their teaching? Do they just keep encouraging their audience to have that same love? Is it their one and only message? 

Now, keep in mind, being a lover of money does not automatically make someone a false teacher, obviously. But it is a warning sign. And at the very least, it may indicate that though the person isn't a true false teacher in the full sense of the word, nonetheless, they’re carnal, and they're spiritually immature - that is, if wealth has entrapped them. And you no more want to be a student following a carnal, spiritually immature teacher than you do want to be a follower of a false teacher. They each have their own problems, certainly. 

Israel back in Jesus’ day was following false teachers, the Pharisees. And as a consequence, they were so deceived when their own Messiah came to them, they openly rejected Him despite His miracles, His teaching and all the rest. Why? Because Pharisees told them to. And why did the Pharisees say “reject Jesus”? Because He threatened their wealth and power. So because of the greed of false teachers, Israel, that generation of Israel, was shut off from the Kingdom. That should tell you how serious it can be if we get entrapped by the wrong kind of teaching. 

Imagine what a greedy, false teacher can do to your walk today, if you are willing to follow them off a cliff. They may rob you blind of your money, certainly. That's the first goal they have. But they may also rob you of eternal rewards in the sense that they get your mind off of eternal things and off of obedience to the Word of God, and they appeal to your lust and to your desire for things of this world. And next thing you know, you wake up decades later having chased the wrong things. At the very least, they're going to distract you away from the eternal concerns that God wants you to have your mind on. So that's the problem with the third woe - men who turned godliness into a means of gain and used it to deceive people. 

So now Jesus moves to the fourth woe. He says:

Mat 23:23 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint and dill and cummin, and have neglected the weightier provisions of the law: justice and mercy and faithfulness; but these are the things you should have done without neglecting the others.

Mat 23:24 "You blind guides, who strain out a gnat and swallow a camel!

So, this is our fourth woe. And for the third time of the first four, Jesus introduces these men as hypocrites again, because once more, they're acting in ways that are contrary to the things they say. In this example, the topic now is tithing but the issue here isn't tithing per se. The real issue here is something much more important. Now on the topic of tithing, the law required that Jews under the law tithe in three different ways. And if you added up all that they had to give, according to these three areas of tithing, it would result in a total giving of somewhere between 20 and 30% of their income on an annual basis. 

One of those tithes was on the production of their crops, and the produce that came out of their land had to be tithed upon. 1/10 of it would go to the temple, and it was food for the priests or for the poor. And the Pharisees would do this, but they would take the next step as well. They would tithe even on the herbs that were produced in their little house garden. They would count out 1/10 of the leaves off of an herb plant or the seeds from a spice plant, and they would give that to the temple priests as well. 

Now, the law of Moses never specifically required tithing on the herbs in the household garden. That was actually a rule invented by rabbis and incorporated into the Mishnah. But that doesn't mean it was necessarily wrong. Even Jesus says in verse 23, they should have done that. They should tithe on anything they can tithe on if their heart is to do the right thing. That wasn't the problem.

The problem was they had adopted that extreme measure hypocritically. It was part of their continuing effort to appear pious and scrupulous in keeping the law in front of those who would watch what they do. But they did it only to gain that attention. And they were willing to do it in this case because it cost them nothing - the value of 1/10 of a herb plant was minuscule. It didn't matter to them, not much of a sacrifice, not in comparison to the value of the appearance that it offered to those who might see them doing it. 

Meanwhile, Jesus says, they ignored weightier provisions of the law, which demanded much higher levels of personal sacrifice. And in particular, He lists a few things that they were willing to toss aside, things like justice, mercy, faithfulness, not minor things by any stretch. He's speaking about situations in which the Pharisees used their power as judges to pervert the law rather than enforce it properly.

So, they might deny someone freedom, even though they were innocent, because it would suit some adversary. Or they failed to convict the guilty criminal when it suited them because of a bribe, or political favor with Rome, or whatever it might be. In other words, the point here is the Pharisees selectively obeyed the Word of God, picking and choosing to suit their own interests. And that's the issue of the fourth woe. It's not simply about tithing. It's about selective obedience to the Word of God. 

Typically, the Pharisees only chose to obey the most minor of provisions like tithing herbs and so on because it was easy and suited them. And then they would just as quickly disregard weightier provisions of the law because it was hard and demanding and self-sacrificial.

And Jesus sums up their behavior in verse 24 with that famous figure of speech. He says, “They strain out a gnat and they swallow a camel.” It's a comical and vivid illustration of this hypocrisy. Imagine someone going to great lengths to remove the smallest insect from a cup of some liquid before they drink it, making sure it's completely free of that little insect. Meanwhile, when the time comes to swallow, they make no effort to stop the occasional camel from wandering down their throat while they're happening to drink. 

It's obviously ridiculous, but it is a vivid illustration. That's the sin in view here. That's the problem here in the case of the fourth woe: selective obedience to the Word of God in a hypocritical and manipulative fashion. And it's a classic practice of false teachers, because it allows them to appear righteous without having any of the substance of it, without making any true effort to be the person they claim to be.

They will easily adhere to some minor, insignificant command within the Bible and then make a show of that, show how impressive it is that they can keep that little rule. They want you to see it. They want you to praise them for it, and then just as equally, they will fail to keep major tenets of the Bible, major principles of the Scriptures, because those major principles get in the way of what they desire. 

Of course, you and I can play these same games with God when we want to, and unfortunately, I think most of us do from time to time. Perhaps you've encountered a Christian who will tell you over and over again how committed they are to the Word of God. They study it. They tell you how much they love it, and they want to do everything that it says.

And then when it doesn't appeal to them anymore, when some event in their life comes along and now it's inconvenient to do what the Bible says, they'll be willing to ignore some rule concerning marriage or sexuality or speech or something. All of a sudden, they'll make an excuse for why the Bible’s standard of conduct in this case doesn't apply to them.

They're happy to follow it when it does, but when it gets in their way, they'll toss it aside. That's selective obedience to the Word of God, and Jesus says, we're not fooling God. Whatever reason a person may have for why a rule does not apply, is just hypocrisy, an excuse for disobedience.

And you could say it this way, “What do you call 99% obedience to the Word of God? You call it 100% disobedience, because to break one law is to break them all. To be a lawbreaker is to be a lawbreaker.” 

We can't allow our obedience to the Word of God to vary based on what suits us. Because if that's how you approach the Bible, if the Bible is simply an instruction manual to show you how to do things you already wanted to do, well then you've never truly been obedient to it in the first place. You're just playing a game with yourself, telling yourself you're obedient because you follow the ones you prefer.

How do false teachers of our day repeat this pattern, this pattern of selective obedience? Well, they do it in a variety of ways. But there's one pattern, in particular, one style of selective obedience that's particularly prevalent today. You'll see this everywhere today, and is probably the most pernicious:

False teachers today will often quote a minor, obscure verse or passage within the Bible, taken out of context, usually, and then they will take that and prop it up as support for some false claim that they want to make. And they demand your obedience to that small, minor, obscure point, usually misinterpreted. But at the same time they will never address the primary teaching of the Bible on the same topic as the one they're raising. Why? Because if they were to do so, it actually undermines their case. It undermines their arguments. 

Let's look at an example today that's very common. False teachers today are commonly telling us that when you give money to God - which is a euphemism, because you're really giving it to their ministry - that will result in a return on your investment. They'll tell you a little money invested with them in their ministry will ultimately return many times more to you because God will reward your giving in that way. Typically, they run to a set of well-known verses - well known because they've used them a lot to take them out of context and support their argument. One of their favorite verses to support this notion comes out of Luke here:

Luke 6:38 "Give, and it will be given to you. They will pour into your lap a good measure--pressed down, shaken together, and running over. For by your standard of measure it will be measured to you in return."

So false teachers today will interpret this verse in a very selective way, while at the same time contradicting the major teaching of the Bible on the topic of wealth. First, they start by presuming in that verse that when Jesus says, “Give and it will be given to you,” they presume that the “it” in that verse is talking about money, about wealth.

But notice that in that verse, Jesus never told you what “it” was? It refers to something that Jesus talked about in an earlier verse. That's how pronouns work. Pronouns have antecedents, they have proper nouns that precede them. So, in order to understand what Jesus is talking about in Luke 6:38, I'd have to go back a bit and find out what is the “it” that I'm supposed to give.

But the false teachers never do that homework with you. They never read the verses that precede verse 38. And why don't they? Because if you discovered what the “it” truly was, it would completely destroy the argument they're trying to make. Let's do that homework. Let's just back up two verses. In Luke 6:36, Jesus says, 

Luke 6:36 "Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful.

Luke 6:37 "Do not judge, and you will not be judged; and do not condemn, and you will not be condemned; pardon, and you will be pardoned.

Luke 6:38 "Give, and it will be given to you. …

And He goes on from there. In other words, the “it” in that passage is not money. The “it” is forgiveness, mercy, and pardon. Showing that to others, the Lord says, will result in the Lord giving the same back to you. By the same standard of measure that you use in giving out your mercy and forgiveness, the Lord will use it in showing you mercy and forgiveness.

Yet false teachers, over and over again, go to this verse and repeatedly suggest to you that it is a statement of Scripture that if you give money to God, He will give you even more in return. It is a lie. There is no promise in the Bible to that effect. This is an example of taking a single minor moment in the middle of a passage out of a larger conversation and overemphasizing it in a way that's out of keeping with the context in order to support a lie. 

Now, this is not to say that forgiveness is a minor concept in Scripture, of course. The point that’s being made here is that on the topic of money, this verse is of no importance, because that's not the context here. It is a verse that is simply easily manipulated and done so that these false teachers can turn hearts to giving money. Their whole sermons are selectively attending to the Word of God in a false way so as to manipulate their audience in a lie. And once their audience believe this lie, once they have this concept rooted in their heart, the Bible says, it then plays on the lust of that unstable soul, as Peter says, enticing, unstable souls. 

The instability here is not in the sense of emotionally unstable or mentally unstable, we're talking about spiritually unstable. They're not founded on the rock of the truth of the Word. They're tossed to and fro, James would say, like the ocean. They’re too easily pushed around by people who tell them what the Bible says, because they don't know what it says themselves.

And they are manipulated in this way. Once you believe someone who tells you that if you give God a dollar, He'll give you back seven, you're going to send that person your last dime. You're going to go to your grave penniless, thinking and wondering why God never showed up with the money. And in the end, as they get rich and you get left holding the bag, you often start to wonder, “Can God's Word truly be trusted?” And that's where the problem is. 

These false teachers over emphasize a minor point taken out of context so they can deceive you. And then, at the same time, they ignore the larger context of the Bible.

So, we should ask, “what does the Bible say about wealth?” On the major topic of wealth, what is the Bible's teaching?

Well, the Bible's principal thrust in its teaching on this topic is, you should not seek for wealth, not in this life. Instead, use your efforts to obey Christ and look forward to a reward in heaven.

You’ve heard many of these – but pay attention to how they directly refute the teaching of false men and women who claim God wants you to be rich. Matthew 6:24, Jesus says, 

Matthew 6:24 "No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth.

Luke 12:15, 

Luke 12:15 Then He said to them, "Beware, and be on your guard against every form of greed; for not even when one has an abundance does his life consist of his possessions."

Hebrews 13:5 

Heb 13:5 Make sure that your character is free from the love of money, being content with what you have; for He Himself has said, "I WILL NEVER DESERT YOU, NOR WILL I EVER FORSAKE YOU,"

And Paul says in 1 Timothy 6:9-10, he says, 

1 Tim 6:9 But those who want to get rich fall into temptation and a snare and many foolish and harmful desires which plunge men into ruin and destruction.

1 Tim 6:10 For the love of money is a root of all sorts of evil, and some by longing for it have wandered away from the faith and pierced themselves with many griefs.

Is that not a perfect description of what we're seeing happen with these false teachers? The Bible says, first and foremost, that Christians should be content with whatever you have given to you by God, and you don't make your life a pursuit of riches. If you desire money too much, then you're likely to fall into a snare, or a trap, set by false teachers who tell you that God does want you to be rich.

And, moreover, godly character should desire to be free of a love for money, not to cultivate that in our hearts. So even if you are blessed by God with an abundance, don't become dependent on it, and certainly don't get too attached to it. Just talk to Job about that. 

Jesus says wealth is not the measure of one's life. That measure will be taken in heaven at the judgment seat of Christ. That's where the measure of us is actually found. Meanwhile, the Bible never makes any promise to us that the more you give God, the more you get here on earth.

And, generally speaking, the math on this is very simple. When you give your money away, whether you give it to the Church or somewhere else, you will have less money afterward.

Look, it's not complicated, and it's okay, because being generous with what you have is a good thing according to Scripture. And it builds up treasure in heaven. It's a good testimony. It's a way of loving other people. When you do that, you're doing the right thing, regardless of whether it returns more of the same to you or not. 

Look, the Lord is going to take care of us. The writer of Hebrews says you should be content knowing He will never forsake you and that He will be there with you. There's a promise in the basic caring of God for His people.

There is no promise that He will make you rich.

This is such a good illustration of how false teachers selectively use Scripture to achieve their own aims, rather than doing what the Bible calls them to do, which is to teach the whole counsel of God's Word.

If people taught the whole counsel of God's Word, which is a way of saying from Genesis to Revelation, leaving nothing out, then there would not be an opportunity for this kind of manipulation. 

First and foremost, if you're trained in the whole counsel of God's Word, then you'll be in a position to recognize nonsense when it comes your way, and you'll be largely inoculated from these snares and these traps. Never mind the fact that the more you know about God through His Word, the more that will impress itself on your heart and bring you to greater godly character over time. 

And Jesus condemns the Pharisees in this case for the hypocrisy of intentionally steering clear of things that contradicted their desires and overemphasizing things that suited their purpose. That's the modus operandi of every false teacher. That's why they're blind guides.

Think about how Paul ended his ministry. There's a moment in the book of Acts, in chapter 20, when Paul is on his way to Rome. He's not sure how much longer he'll live. He knows he's going to be brought before Caesar, and he takes a stop along the way near Ephesus as he's journeying back to Rome in a ship.

And when he docks at Miletus, he calls for the elders of Ephesus to come down and meet him. And as they come down, he gives them what amounts to his last instructions to those men. And he says, in Acts 20:27,

Act 20:27 "For I did not shrink from declaring to you the whole purpose of God.

Or the whole counsel of God. So, here's Paul, potentially facing the end of his life, not sure how much longer he's going to be around. And when he has one last chance to talk to the leaders of a church that he helped establish, Paul told them, “You know, when you think of me, here's what I want you to remember. I did not fail to share with you the whole counsel of God's Word.”

And I would argue that that is perhaps the greatest thing that could be said about any teacher of the Bible, that that person was not selective in what they taught, but rather they taught the whole counsel of God's Word. It shows, not only did they have a heart to bring everything good to the people of God, it's evidence that they're not holding back something for their own gain. It's proof that they have good intentions. 

Have you ever heard that phrase, “Show your work?'' Math teachers are famous for this. They'll tell their students, “Don't just give me the answer. Show your work.” And the reason they ask for that is because it's not nearly good enough that you might happen upon the right answer by chance. They want to make sure you knew how to get there.

And in the way that anyone who has the best of intentions should teach the Bible, it’s to show their work, not just say, “Here's what you should believe,” but walk somebody through the Bible in such a way that they can see for themselves, tha this is, in fact, what God's Word says. It's not something they made up. They are showing you what the page says. 

Now, at that point, you have a choice as a student, as a hearer of God's Word. You can decide you like what you're hearing and follow it because you like it, or that you don't like what you're hearing, and you dismiss it, because you don't like it. But neither is the right way to go.

What you should say to yourself is, “If that's what God's Word says, and I can clearly see it because the pastor showed me his work. I know this is what's in the Bible.” Well, now you wrestle with God, not with the pastor, not with his opinion. And as such, you're in a position now to let your heart move to where God is, as opposed to trying to bend God to your will. 

So no matter who you go to you for your teaching, seek that same standard of showing the work. That is, a teacher shouldn't just tell you what the Bible says. They should walk you through where they found it and give you assurances that they're not just taking minor things and making them major things. That they're giving you the full counsel of God's Word.

And if somebody can't do that or won't do that, then perhaps there is a problem there. Perhaps you should be concerned. Either they don't know what they're talking about or they're trying to deceive you at worst. Either way, you should seek for better teaching, because our time is short, and your own sanctification is on the line here. It should matter to you what you learn about God. 

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